Health blog and news
Guides to common conditions, medicines and tests, and plain-English summaries of the latest announcements from official health bodies such as the NHS, NICE, UKHSA and the World Health Organization. Every article cites its sources and links to the full pages on this site.
Showing all 221 articles
November 2026
A cough that will not go: causes and tests
The NHS advises a GP visit for a cough lasting over 3 weeks, and an urgent GP appointment or NHS 111 for coughing up blood.
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and calcium-channel blockers: how do they differ?
ARBs work much like ACE inhibitors but do not typically cause a dry cough; amlodipine relaxes artery walls and can cause ankle swelling.
Can you drink alcohol with antibiotics? What the NHS says, and which ones differ
It depends on the antibiotic: the NHS says moderate drinking is unlikely to cause problems with common ones, but firm warnings exist for a few.
Alcohol units: the UK low-risk drinking advice
The UK Chief Medical Officers advise adults not to regularly drink more than 14 units a week, spread over three days or more.
Altitude sickness: symptoms, serious forms and how the NHS says to prevent it
Altitude sickness is illness from being high up with less oxygen; the NHS says mild cases ease with rest, and going up slowly helps prevent it.
Anaphylaxis: what it is and what the NHS says about adrenaline auto-injectors
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction; the NHS describes adrenaline, calling 999 and hospital care, and says people at risk usually get two auto-injectors.
Anxiety: signs, treatment and getting help
Anxiety becomes a health problem when worry is hard to control and affects daily life. Talking therapy comes first, medicine is next, and help is available without a GP referral.
Asthma and COPD: how they differ in cause, symptoms and treatment
Asthma is a long-term airway condition whose symptoms come and go; COPD is mostly smoking-related and tends to get worse over time.
Asthma in children: signs and NHS advice
Asthma in children brings wheeze, cough and a tight chest; the NHS says to call 999 if the reliever is not helping during an attack.
How travellers can avoid diarrhoea, and what the NHS says helps if it happens
Travellers can lower the risk of diarrhoea with careful food, drink and hand hygiene, and replacing lost fluid is the main way it is managed.
Back pain: what helps and when to get help
Most back pain settles with time and staying active helps, but new numbness around the genitals or changes in bladder or bowel control need urgent help, and NHS leaflets point to A&E or NHS 111.
Bladder leakage: types and NHS help
The NHS lists stress, urge, overflow and total incontinence; a GP can assess it, and treatment usually starts with non-drug options.
Vaginal bleeding after the menopause or between periods: causes and next steps
Any vaginal bleeding after the menopause should be checked by a GP. It is often caused by something other than cancer, but womb cancer is one possible cause.
Blood in your urine: common causes and why the NHS wants it checked
Blood in the urine is not usually serious, but the NHS advises seeing a GP every time, even if the amount is small, because cancer is one possible cause.
Blood transfusion: why and how it is done
A blood transfusion gives red blood cells, plasma or platelets from a donor to someone who has lost blood or has a condition affecting their blood. The NHS describes it as generally safe, though…
Bone health: what helps keep bones strong at any age
NHS pages link bone health to weight-bearing exercise, calcium, vitamin D, not smoking and keeping alcohol low.
Bone marrow biopsy: what happens and why
A bone marrow biopsy takes a small sample of marrow, usually from the back of the hip bone, to find out why blood counts are abnormal or to look for abnormal cells.
Breast screening: who is invited and what happens
NHS breast screening uses mammograms to look for breast cancer in people without symptoms. This guide covers who is invited, the appointment, results and harms.
How burns and scalds are treated, and when they need A&E, 999 or NHS 111
Cooling a burn under running water for 20 minutes is the first step; the NHS says large, deep, facial, chemical or electrical burns need A&E or 999.
Cervical screening: what happens and results
Cervical screening checks a sample from the cervix for high-risk HPV. This guide covers who is invited, the appointment and what each result means.
Chest pain: causes and when to get help
Most chest pain does not come from the heart, but sudden pain that does not ease or spreads to the arm, jaw, neck or back needs a 999 call.
Chickenpox, measles and hand, foot and mouth
Chickenpox, measles and hand, foot and mouth all cause rashes in children, but their other signs and the advice on getting help differ.
Childhood vaccinations: the NHS schedule
The NHS offers babies and children vaccines from 8 weeks old through school, and a GP surgery is the contact for any dose that was missed.
Choking in adults, children and babies: what first-aid guidance describes
First-aid guidance describes back blows and abdominal thrusts for severe choking, 999 if the blockage stays, and a medical check after abdominal thrusts.
Cholesterol test results explained
A cholesterol test reports total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol plus triglycerides, and doctors read them with other risk factors.
Colic in babies: what it is and what helps
Colic is a baby crying a lot with no obvious cause; NHS guidance says it usually gets better by around 3 or 4 months.
Colonoscopy: preparation and what happens
A colonoscopy uses a thin camera to look inside the large bowel. This guide covers bowel preparation, sedation, risks and when results arrive.
Contraception methods the NHS lists compared
The NHS lists hormonal, coil, barrier, emergency and permanent methods; they differ in how they work and how long they last.
Coronary angiogram: what happens and risks
A coronary angiogram is an X-ray test that uses dye to show narrowed or blocked heart arteries. It is done under local anaesthetic and most people go home the same day.
CT scan: what happens, contrast and radiation
A CT scan uses X-rays and a computer to build slice pictures of the body. This guide covers preparation, contrast dye, radiation and when results arrive.
Cystoscopy: what happens and what to expect
A cystoscopy uses a thin camera passed through the urethra to look inside the bladder. It can be flexible, usually with local anaesthetic gel, or rigid, usually under general or spinal anaesthetic.
Dementia: early signs and how it is assessed
Early signs of dementia include memory loss, trouble with familiar tasks and confusion about time or place. A GP starts the assessment, and a memory clinic may confirm the diagnosis.
Depression: signs and getting help
Depression is more than feeling unhappy for a few days. The NHS describes lasting low mood and loss of interest, and treatment can include self-help, talking therapy and medicine.
Dizziness and vertigo: common causes and the signs that need urgent help
Dizziness is common and has many causes, from inner ear problems to low blood pressure. The NHS advises calling 999 when it comes with signs of a stroke.
DXA bone density scan: what it shows
A DXA scan measures bone density, usually at the hip and spine, using low-dose X-rays. This guide covers who may be referred and what the T-score decides.
Early pregnancy signs and contacting a midwife
The NHS says a missed period is the earliest sign of pregnancy, and many areas let people refer themselves to a midwife.
Eating well with type 2 diabetes: what Diabetes UK, NICE and the NHS say
Diabetes UK says there is no special diet only for type 2 diabetes, and NICE advises the same healthy balanced eating as for everyone.
ECG: what it records and what it can show
An ECG records the heart's electrical activity through patches on the skin. This guide covers the test, longer recordings, what it shows and its limits.
Echocardiogram: types, what happens and results
An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to picture the heart. This guide explains the standard, stress and throat versions and what each involves.
eGFR and creatinine: kidney test results
Creatinine and eGFR show how well the kidneys filter blood, and kidney disease is confirmed only when abnormal results persist.
Erection problems and seeing a GP
Erection problems are common and can have physical causes, and the NHS advises seeing a GP if they keep happening.
Eye tests: what happens and who is entitled to a free NHS sight test in England
The NHS says everyone should have regular eye tests, at least every 2 years, and lists who can have a free NHS sight test in England.
Falls in older people and reducing the risk
Strength and balance exercises and simple changes at home can lower the risk of falls in older people, according to the NHS. NICE recommends offering falls prevention exercise programmes.
Feeling sick and vomiting in adults
NHS inform says vomiting in adults usually lasts only 1 or 2 days, but blood in vomit means calling 999 or going to A&E, and vomiting for more than 2 days is a reason to call NHS 111.
Fever and rashes in children: when to get help
Most fevers in children can be looked after at home. The NHS says call 999 for signs such as a stiff neck or a rash that does not fade, and NHS 111 or a GP for a baby under 3 months.
High temperature in adults: what usually causes it and when to get help
A high temperature in adults is usually a sign of infection and often settles at home. The NHS advises urgent advice from NHS 111 or a GP if it does not improve, and 999 for some warning signs.
Flu or a cold: how to tell them apart, how long each lasts and when to get help
Flu tends to start faster and feel worse than a cold, with fever, aches and exhaustion; a cold mostly stays in the nose and throat.
Found a breast lump? Causes, the GP appointment and what the breast clinic does
Most breast lumps are harmless, but the NHS advises seeing a GP about any new lump so it can be checked. A GP examines the breast and refers to a breast clinic if the cause is unclear.
Gastroscopy: what happens and what to expect
A gastroscopy uses a thin camera to look at the gullet and stomach. This guide covers fasting, throat spray or sedation, risks and results.
General anaesthetic: before, during, after
A general anaesthetic puts a person into controlled unconsciousness for surgery. Preparation includes fasting, and common effects afterwards are sickness, shivering and a sore throat.
Getting active with a long-term health condition: what UK guidance says
UK guidance describes building up activity gradually from the current level, and the NHS suggests speaking to a GP first when there are medical concerns.
Grief and bereavement: what to expect
Grief is a natural response to loss, and the NHS says feelings usually ease gradually. A GP or bereavement service can help when grief is very strong or does not ease.
HbA1c test: what it shows and why it matters
The HbA1c test shows average blood glucose over the past two to three months and is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.
What happens after a head injury, which signs need 999 or A&E, and how concussion usually settles
Most head injuries are not serious, but the NHS says being knocked out and not waking, a fit or being unable to stay awake need a 999 call.
Head lice and nits: what the NHS says
Head lice are tiny insects in the hair. The NHS says wet combing is tried first, then a medicated lotion or spray if needed.
Headaches: types, causes and warning signs
Tension-type headache is the most common type, and a headache that starts suddenly and is very severe needs a 999 call.
Healthy weight: what BMI shows, what it misses and what the NHS offers
BMI is an NHS check on whether weight suits height, but it cannot tell muscle from fat, so waist size and a GP discussion add to it.
Hearing loss: causes, tests and what helps
Gradual hearing loss is common and a GP can arrange hearing tests. Sudden hearing loss in one or both ears needs an urgent GP appointment or NHS 111, according to the NHS.
Heart attack, cardiac arrest and angina: the differences and when to call 999
A heart attack is a blocked blood supply to the heart muscle, cardiac arrest is the heart stopping, and angina is chest pain that eases with rest.
Heart rhythm monitors: Holter and loop recorders
A Holter monitor records the heart's electrical activity for 24 to 48 hours or longer, to catch rhythm problems that come and go. An implantable loop recorder can record for much longer.
Heartburn, acid reflux and GORD: what they are and when to see a GP
Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest from acid reflux; when it keeps happening it is called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke: the difference, the signs, and when to call 999
Heat exhaustion usually eases with cooling and rest, while heatstroke is an emergency for which the NHS says to call 999.
Heavy periods: what can cause them, which checks a GP offers and how they are treated
Heavy periods are common and often have no clear cause, but fibroids, endometriosis and other conditions can be behind them. The NHS advises a GP visit when they affect daily life.
High blood pressure: how it is found, what causes it and what treatment involves
High blood pressure usually causes no symptoms and is found by measuring it; treatment starts with lifestyle changes and may include medicine.
High cholesterol: what diet can do and when medicine is considered
The NHS says cutting down on saturated fat can help lower cholesterol, and that medicines such as statins are considered when lifestyle changes are not enough.
High CRP: what it means and what happens next
A high CRP means there is inflammation or infection somewhere in the body, but not where or why, so doctors read it with symptoms and other tests.
High white blood cell count: what it means
A high white blood cell count is a non-specific sign, most often from infection, and doctors read it with the type of cell raised.
Home blood pressure checks: how they work and what the NHS says
The NHS says blood pressure can be checked at home with a monitor, with the cuff on the upper arm and the person sitting with their back supported; local NHS leaflets also advise avoiding caffeine…
How long antidepressants take to work, and what the NHS says about side effects and stopping
The NHS says antidepressants usually start to help after 1 to 2 weeks and can take up to 8 weeks to work fully.
How much physical activity do adults need? What the UK guidelines say
The NHS says adults aged 19 to 64 should do at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity a week, plus strength work.
How to read food labels: traffic light colours, per 100g figures and salt
Red, amber and green traffic light labels show whether a food is high, medium or low in fat, saturates, sugars and salt, and per 100g figures allow comparison.
Malaria and travel: the ABCD approach, bite prevention and when to seek help
UK guidance sums up malaria prevention as ABCD: awareness of risk, bite avoidance, antimalarial tablets where needed, and prompt diagnosis.
Can you take ibuprofen and paracetamol together? What the NHS says
The NHS says adults can take paracetamol and ibuprofen together if needed, but children should not be given them at the same time.
INR blood test and warfarin explained
The INR blood test shows how long blood takes to clot, and it is how the effect of warfarin is monitored so the dose can be adjusted.
Joint pain: causes and when to see a GP
Joint pain has many causes, including osteoarthritis, injury and gout, and the NHS advises an urgent GP appointment or NHS 111 for a hot, swollen joint with a fever.
Kidney stones: symptoms, how they are diagnosed and how they are treated
Kidney stones form when chemicals in urine build up; small ones may cause no symptoms, while larger ones can cause severe pain, and some may need a procedure.
Knee pain: causes and when to get help
Knee pain can often be treated at home, and NHS 111 is the route for a badly swollen knee or a hot, red knee with a high temperature.
Levothyroxine: why timing and other medicines matter, as the NHS describes
The NHS says levothyroxine replaces a missing thyroid hormone and is taken at the same time each day on an empty stomach.
Liver blood tests: what the results mean
Liver blood tests can point towards a possible problem but do not name the cause, and results that are not normal are very common.
Loneliness and health: effects and what helps
Severe or long-lasting loneliness can affect mental and physical health, according to the NHS. Staying in touch, joining groups and asking a GP about social prescribing can help.
Can long flights cause blood clots (DVT), and what reduces the risk?
Long journeys can raise the chance of a leg blood clot (DVT); the NHS and TravelHealthPro describe moving, drinking water and sometimes stockings.
Looking after someone with dementia: what the NHS advises
The NHS suggests a daily routine, and says carers can ask the council for a free carer's assessment.
Looking after your feet with diabetes: daily checks, footwear and the annual foot check
Diabetes can reduce feeling in the feet and slow healing, so UK sources describe daily checks and an annual foot check.
Looking after your teeth and gums: brushing, cleaning between teeth and dental check-ups
The NHS describes brushing with fluoride toothpaste twice a day, cleaning between the teeth and cutting down on sugary food and drink.
Low ferritin: what it means and what next
A low ferritin level means the body's iron stores are low, and doctors then look for the cause, which is often blood loss.
Lowering blood pressure with lifestyle changes: what the NHS and UK charities list
The NHS advises everyone with high blood pressure to make lifestyle changes, such as eating less salt, being more active and cutting back on alcohol.
Lumbar puncture: what happens and what to expect
A lumbar puncture uses a needle in the lower back to collect the fluid around the spinal cord, and the pressure of the fluid may also be measured.
Menopause: symptoms and the help available
HRT is the main medicine for menopause symptoms, and non-hormone options exist. The NHS says a GP can talk through the options, and NICE advises discussing benefits and risks of HRT.
Metformin: what the NHS says to expect when starting it
The NHS describes metformin as usually the first medicine for type 2 diabetes. Side effects are mostly stomach-related and mostly ease.
Migraine and tension-type headache compared: features, treatment and warning signs
Tension headache is usually a dull, tight pressure on both sides of the head, while migraine often throbs and brings nausea or sensitivity to light.
MRI scan: what to expect and what it shows
An MRI scan uses a strong magnet and radio waves, not X-rays, to take detailed pictures. This guide covers noise, safety checks, contrast and results.
NHS antenatal care: appointments and scans
The NHS offers antenatal appointments with a midwife, two ultrasound scans and optional screening tests. First pregnancies get at least 10 appointments, later ones around 7.
NHS screening: who is invited and how often
In England the NHS invites eligible people for bowel, breast, cervical, abdominal aortic aneurysm and diabetic eye screening. Who is invited depends on age, sex and health.
NHS talking therapies and how to self-refer
NHS talking therapies offer CBT and counselling for anxiety and depression. In England you can refer yourself, without a GP referral and without a diagnosis.
What helps a nosebleed, and when should it be checked?
Most nosebleeds can be treated at home by sitting forward and pinching the soft part of the nose, and some need urgent or routine medical checks.
Numbness, tingling and pins and needles: common causes and when to get help
Pins and needles are usually brief and harmless, but numbness or tingling that lasts, keeps returning or comes with weakness needs checking. The NHS says to call 999 for sudden numbness on one side.
Opioid painkillers: how they work and what the NHS says about the risks
Opioids such as morphine are prescription painkillers for severe pain; the NHS lists constipation and sleepiness as common side effects.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: how they differ
Osteoarthritis makes joints painful and stiff; rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the joint lining.
Panic attacks: what they are and what helps
A panic attack is a rush of intense fear with physical symptoms such as a racing heartbeat. The NHS describes how attacks pass and how talking therapy and medicine can treat repeated attacks.
Pelvic pain in women: common causes, red flags and which NHS route to use
Pelvic pain in women often comes from period pain, ovarian cysts or endometriosis, but a few causes are serious. The NHS says to call 999 for severe or worsening pain.
Periods: what is normal and when to see a GP
The NHS gives an average cycle of about 28 days. A GP can help if periods change, become painful or stop.
PET and bone scans: what to expect
PET and bone scans both use a small amount of radioactive tracer given by injection. Both scans involve a waiting period after the injection.
Pregnancy scans and tests on the NHS
NHS pregnancy care includes booking blood tests, a dating scan and a mid-pregnancy anomaly scan, plus optional screening for Down's, Edwards' and Patau's syndromes.
Preparing for a blood test: fasting explained
Some blood tests need fasting or a change to what you eat, drink or take beforehand; the person who arranges the test should say which applies.
Preventing food poisoning at home: cleaning, cooking, chilling and cross-contamination
NHS inform and the Food Standards Agency describe four steps for food safety at home: cleaning, cooking, chilling and avoiding cross-contamination.
Prostate problems: symptoms and seeing a GP
Prostate symptoms are mostly urinary, such as a weak flow or going more often. Causes include enlargement, infection and cancer.
Protecting your hearing from loud noise: headphones, earplugs and warning signs
The WHO and NHS sources say noise-related hearing loss is permanent but can be prevented, mainly by lowering volume, taking breaks and using ear protection.
PSA test: what it shows and what the NHS says
A PSA test measures prostate-specific antigen in the blood. The NHS says it is not a routine screening test, and results can be wrong in both directions.
Puberty: what happens and when to get advice
Puberty brings body and mood changes at different ages, and NHS pages advise a GP appointment if it starts early or seems late.
Reliever and preventer inhalers: what is the difference?
A reliever inhaler eases symptoms when they happen, while a preventer is taken every day to reduce airway inflammation.
Sedating and non-sedating antihistamines
The NHS lists chlorphenamine as sleep-inducing and cetirizine, loratadine and fexofenadine as non-drowsy, though cetirizine can still cause sleepiness.
Sepsis: the warning signs in adults and children and when to call 999
Sepsis is a life-threatening reaction to an infection; the NHS says to call 999 or go to A&E if sepsis is suspected.
Shortness of breath: causes and next steps
Breathlessness has many causes, from asthma and infections to heart and lung disease, and severe difficulty breathing needs a 999 call.
Sleep problems: what helps and when to get help
The NHS says insomnia usually improves by changing sleeping habits, and that a GP can arrange CBT when habits alone do not help.
Sore throat: causes, treatment, when to act
Most sore throats are caused by viruses and clear up on their own, but struggling to breathe or swallow needs 999 or A&E.
Spirometry: the lung function test explained
Spirometry measures how much air can be blown out and how fast. This guide covers the test, preparation and what results are compared with.
Sprains and strains: how they are treated and when it is more than a sprain
The NHS describes PRICE care for the first 2 to 3 days, and most sprains and strains feel better after about 2 weeks.
Statins: what they do and the common concerns, as the NHS describes them
The NHS says statins lower the cholesterol the body makes, to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes, and they are usually taken long term.
Stomach ache: causes by area and warning signs
Where a stomach ache sits helps point to causes such as appendicitis, gallstones or IBS, and sudden severe pain needs 999 or A&E.
Stopping smoking: what support the NHS offers and what to expect
NHS stop smoking services offer nicotine replacement, medicines and professional support, and people in England can self-refer through NHS Better Health.
Stress: how it affects the body and mind, and where to get help
Stress is a reaction to mental or emotional pressure that can affect mood, body and behaviour, and the NHS says support is available when it affects daily life.
Stroke and TIA: spotting the signs and why 999 is the route
A stroke and a TIA are both emergencies: the NHS and the Stroke Association say to call 999 even if the symptoms pass.
Sun safety and checking your skin: what the NHS and Cancer Research UK say
The NHS advises sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher and 4-star UVA protection alongside shade and clothing, and describes changing moles as a reason to see a GP.
Supporting someone with a mental health problem
Listening, asking open questions and offering practical help are the NHS's main suggestions for supporting someone with a mental health problem, without forcing them to talk.
Swollen ankles, feet and legs: common causes and when to get help
Swollen ankles and legs often come from sitting or standing for long periods, but can signal a clot or a heart, kidney or liver problem. The NHS names the signs that need 111 or 999.
Teething in babies: signs and what helps
The NHS lists sore red gums, a flushed cheek and extra dribbling as signs of teething, and suggests gum massage or a cool teething ring.
Testicle lumps and swelling: what to check
The NHS says to check your testicles monthly for changes; a lump or swelling needs a GP visit, and sudden severe pain needs A&E or 999.
The Eatwell Guide: what a balanced diet looks like in the UK
The Eatwell Guide shows the proportions of food groups in a balanced UK diet, with fruit, vegetables and starchy foods making up just over a third each.
Thyroid blood tests: TSH and T4 explained
Thyroid tests read TSH and free T4 together, because free T4 helps to interpret an abnormal TSH.
Tiredness that will not go away: common causes and what a GP checks
Tiredness is common and often has an ordinary cause such as poor sleep, stress or illness. The NHS advises a GP appointment when it lasts a few weeks without explanation.
Planning, packing and paperwork for medicines when travelling, as the NHS and TravelHealthPro describe
The NHS and TravelHealthPro describe original packaging, hand luggage, a prescriber's letter and checking the rules of each destination country.
Troponin blood test: what it shows
A troponin test measures proteins released when heart muscle is damaged, and a raised result does not always mean a heart attack.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared: causes, symptoms and treatment
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition treated with insulin; type 2 develops when the body makes too little insulin or it works poorly.
Ultrasound scan: what happens and is it safe
An ultrasound scan uses sound waves, not radiation, to make live pictures. This guide covers the gel, the full bladder, internal scans and results.
Underactive and overactive thyroid compared: symptoms, causes and treatment
An underactive thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormone, while an overactive thyroid makes too much; the symptoms, causes and treatments differ.
Losing weight without trying: possible causes and when to see a GP
Losing weight without changing diet or exercise has many causes, from stress to thyroid or digestive conditions. The NHS advises seeing a GP as a precaution.
Urinary tract infection and cystitis: symptoms, treatment and when to get help
A urinary tract infection (UTI) can affect the bladder, urethra or kidneys; cystitis is a UTI of the bladder, and antibiotics are not always needed.
Vitamin B12 and folate tests explained
Blood tests for B12 and folate help diagnose deficiency, but a B12 test can miss cases, so symptoms matter too.
Vitamin D blood test: who needs one?
NHS guidance does not recommend routine vitamin D tests for people without symptoms, and testing is kept for specific symptoms or conditions.
Vitamins and supplements: who the NHS says may need them
The NHS says a varied and balanced diet should provide enough of several vitamins, but advises supplements for some people, including vitamin D in autumn and winter and folic acid in early pregnancy.
Taking warfarin or apixaban: why other medicines and food matter
Bleeding is the main risk of both, so the NHS says other medicines, alcohol and, for warfarin, some foods and INR blood tests all matter.
Jet lag: what it is, why it happens and what the NHS says helps
Jet lag is a temporary sleep disturbance after long flights across time zones; the NHS says it usually improves within a few days.
Choosing between 999, NHS 111, a GP, a pharmacy and urgent care
The NHS says 999 is for life-threatening emergencies and NHS 111 for urgent problems or when unsure, with pharmacies, GPs and urgent treatment centres for others.
Travel vaccinations: what the NHS says about which are needed and when to arrange them
The NHS advises getting travel vaccine advice several weeks before departure, as needs depend on the destination, and some vaccines are free while others are paid for.
Why antibiotics do not work for colds, flu and most coughs, and what the NHS says instead
Antibiotics act on bacteria, not viruses, so the NHS says they do not help colds, flu or most coughs and sore throats.
X-ray: what to expect, safety and results
An X-ray uses a small beam of radiation to picture bones, lungs and other parts. This guide covers the test, radiation risk, pregnancy and results.
October 2026
WHO announces that Barbados has eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV
On 30 October 2026 the WHO announced that Barbados has eliminated mother-to-child transmission of HIV as a public health problem.
MHRA extends Casgevy to ages five and over
The MHRA extended the UK authorisation of Casgevy to children aged five and over with severe sickle cell disease or transfusion-dependent beta thalassaemia.
UKHSA urges vaccination before Diwali
On 30 October 2026 UKHSA asked eligible people celebrating Diwali to get their flu, COVID-19 and RSV vaccines before the festivities, saying the vaccines can take several days to provide maximum…
Under-18 ban on vapes and nicotine in force
New rules took effect on 29 October 2026 making it illegal to sell any vape or non-medicinal nicotine product to anyone under 18, according to a Department of Health and Social Care explainer.
WHO immunization advisers recommend a single-dose HPV schedule for girls aged 9 to 14
On 29 October 2026 the WHO reported that its immunization advisers, meeting on 5 to 8 October, recommend a single-dose HPV vaccine schedule for girls aged 9 to 14.
MHRA publishes pneumococcal vaccine factsheet
The MHRA has published a factsheet for patients, parents and carers on pneumococcal vaccines, covering how they work and their safety.
MHRA: osimertinib and muscle toxicity
The MHRA's October 2026 Safety Roundup covers osimertinib (Tagrisso) and skeletal muscle toxicity, including cases of rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue) reported after marketing in other…
MHRA: venlafaxine and DAT scan results
The MHRA says venlafaxine can lead to false positive DAT scan readings, and the ioflupane product information now includes this interaction.
MHRA recalls Xeal Pharma clopidogrel liquids
The MHRA issued a Class 2 recall on 26 October 2026 of all strengths of Xeal Pharma's clopidogrel oral liquids, which contain less than the labelled amount of clopidogrel.
MHRA approves icotrokinra for psoriasis
The MHRA has approved icotrokinra (Icotyde), a once-daily tablet, for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in people aged 12 and over.
NICE draft guidance backs five AI tools to help read prostate MRI scans
NICE draft guidance recommends five AI tools as NHS options to help radiologists spot prostate cancer on MRI scans.
NIH-funded study links schooling to dementia
An NIH-funded study reports that one extra year of secondary school in the UK was linked to fewer dementia diagnoses later in life, with the largest effect in people at higher genetic risk.
Government says more than 10 million flu vaccinations delivered as winter campaign runs on social media
The Department of Health and Social Care says more than 10 million flu vaccinations have been delivered in England, and a social media campaign now includes TikTok.
WHO and partners launch indicators to track extreme heat risks for pregnant women, newborns and children
On 21 October 2026 the WHO released a new global framework of priority indicators for tracking the health risks of extreme heat for pregnant women, newborns and children.
FDA approves generic hormone therapy patch
The US FDA approved the first generic version of the Climara Pro once-weekly patch, which combines estradiol and levonorgestrel, on 20 October 2026.
FDA approves Hibsago for chronic hepatitis B
The US FDA approved Hibsago (bepirovirsen) on 20 October 2026, the first antisense oligonucleotide approved for chronic hepatitis B in certain adults.
FDA approves dostarlimab for rectal cancer
The US FDA granted accelerated approval to dostarlimab (Jemperli) on 19 October 2026 for adults with certain locally advanced rectal cancers.
MHRA consults on school adrenaline sprays
The MHRA has opened a UK-wide consultation on letting schools buy and keep spare adrenaline nasal sprays for emergencies, alongside auto-injectors.
MHRA adds antidepressant safety safeguards
On 15 October 2026 the MHRA announced new safeguards for antidepressant safety information after a review of 28 antidepressants, covering suicidal thoughts and behaviours and sexual dysfunction that…
MHRA seizes £2m of fake weight loss pens
The MHRA and West Midlands Police seized counterfeit weight loss pens worth about £2 million in Birmingham, including fake retatrutide and tirzepatide products.
NIH-funded study: losartan and brown fat
An NIH-funded study reports that losartan, a blood pressure medicine, raised brown fat activity in mice and cells; the work is early-stage laboratory research.
MHRA authorises weekly insulin Onswik
The MHRA has authorised Onswik (insulin efsitora alfa), a once-weekly insulin injection, for adults with type 2 diabetes.
MHRA alert on ketone test strip supply
The MHRA warned of disruption to blood ketone testing after Nova Biomedical recalled StatStrip ketone test strip lots and paused distribution.
FDA approves atezolizumab for colon cancer
The US FDA approved atezolizumab (Tecentriq) with chemotherapy on 8 October 2026 as adjuvant treatment for stage III mismatch repair deficient colon cancer.
UKHSA: flu low but above last four years
UKHSA reported on 8 October 2026 that flu levels were low at the start of the season but higher than at the same point in the previous four years, and urged eligible people to be vaccinated.
WHO and partners launch a global roadmap on hypertension in pregnancy
In October 2026 the WHO and partners launched a global roadmap for 2026 to 2035 on hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia.
FDA approves tucatinib for HER2 breast cancer
The US FDA approved tucatinib (Tukysa) on 7 October 2026 with trastuzumab and pertuzumab as maintenance treatment for advanced HER2-positive breast cancer.
WHO publishes its first global guidelines on child and adolescent obesity
On 7 October 2026 the WHO issued its first global guidelines on obesity in children and adolescents, with one document for each age group.
New WHO estimates show how the leading causes of death have changed since 2000
On 2 October 2026 the WHO published Global Health Estimates for 2000 to 2023: heart disease is still the top cause of death and dementia has risen to fifth.
September 2026
FDA approves Camzyos for children
The US FDA approved Camzyos (mavacamten) for children weighing at least 30 kg with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, on 30 September 2026.
WHO releases guidance on preventing heat-related illness at mass gatherings
On 30 September 2026 the WHO released a resource suite on preventing and managing heat-related illness at mass gatherings.
MHRA updates Fluenz fainting information
The MHRA's September 2026 Safety Roundup says Fluenz nasal flu vaccine information now notes a higher chance of fainting soon after the spray is given.
WHO announces influenza vaccine composition for the 2027 southern hemisphere season
On 25 September 2026 the WHO announced which virus strains influenza vaccines should contain for the 2027 southern hemisphere season.
CDC outlook for the 2026-27 respiratory season
The US CDC's outlook dated 23 September 2026 expects the peak of combined COVID-19, flu and RSV hospital admissions to be similar to last season, with low to moderate confidence.
MHRA approves lurbinectedin for lung cancer
The MHRA approved lurbinectedin (Zepzelca) on 23 September 2026 for adults with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, as maintenance treatment with atezolizumab.
WHO publishes guidelines on expanding contraceptive options
On 23 September 2026 the WHO published guidelines on expanding contraceptive options, covering extended pill use, longer implant use and an extra emergency option.
FDA approves imlunestrant with abemaciclib
The US FDA approved imlunestrant (Inluriyo) with abemaciclib on 18 September 2026 for ER-positive, HER2-negative, ESR1-mutated advanced breast cancer.
NICE recommends Enhertu for HER2-low cancer
NICE said on 17 September 2026 that it recommends Enhertu for adults with HER2-low advanced breast cancer that has progressed after treatment, after a commercial solution was agreed.
Patient safety at the heart of forthcoming WHO asthma guidelines
On 17 September 2026 the WHO described the safety themes of its forthcoming asthma guidelines, which have not yet been published.
NICE updates four type 2 diabetes appraisals and withdraws four dapagliflozin appraisals
NICE has updated four technology appraisals on type 2 diabetes medicines to match its type 2 diabetes guideline, and withdrawn four on dapagliflozin.
FDA adds boxed warning to Injectafer
The US FDA said on 1 September 2026 that it added a boxed warning to Injectafer (ferric carboxymaltose) about the risk of low blood phosphate.
August 2026
FDA approves Stelara for children with colitis
The US FDA approved Stelara (ustekinumab) for children aged 2 and older with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis, in August 2026.
MHRA: sotorasib and liver monitoring
The MHRA's August 2026 Safety Roundup advises more frequent liver function tests for people who recently had immunotherapy before starting sotorasib (Lumykras).
US recall of one lot of thyroid tablets
Vitruvias Therapeutics announced a US recall of one lot of Thyroid Tablets, USP 30 mg on 21 August 2026 because of possible superpotency.
MHRA recalls one batch of fingolimod
The MHRA issued a Class 2 recall of one batch of Fingolimod Zentiva capsules on 20 August 2026 as a precaution over possible metal particle contamination.
NICE final draft guidance recommends once-weekly insulin efsitora alfa for type 2 diabetes
NICE has recommended a once-a-week insulin, insulin efsitora alfa (Onswik), for adults with type 2 diabetes in final draft guidance.
NHS England urges eligible people to book a flu jab before winter
NHS England says national booking for this winter's flu jab is open, with children and pregnant women vaccinated from 1 September and other groups from 1 October.
MHRA reaffirms childhood vaccine safety
The MHRA says large studies of millions of children have found no evidence that vaccines cause autism, and reaffirms the safety of childhood vaccination.
MHRA authorises orforglipron (Foundayo)
The MHRA authorised orforglipron (Foundayo), a GLP-1 tablet, for weight management and type 2 diabetes, saying the UK is the first country in Europe to do so.
MHRA approves remibrutinib for urticaria
The MHRA has approved remibrutinib (Rhapsido) tablets for adults with chronic spontaneous urticaria whose symptoms antihistamines do not control well enough.
July 2026
FDA licenses first freeze-dried plasma
The US FDA licensed Ezplaz Freeze Dried Plasma on 29 July 2026, the first freeze-dried plasma product licensed in the US, for adults who need plasma.
NICE publishes new guideline on assessing fracture risk in adults
NICE published guideline NG259 on 29 July 2026, covering how adults at risk of fragility fractures should be assessed. It replaces an earlier guideline.
World Hepatitis Day 2026: WHO/Europe reports progress against hepatitis but gaps in diagnosis and treatment
On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July 2026, WHO/Europe said the European Region has made progress against hepatitis but millions still miss diagnosis and treatment.
MHRA review of bladder drugs and dementia
The MHRA's review found the evidence insufficient to confirm that bladder anticholinergic medicines directly raise dementia risk, but a small increased risk cannot be ruled out.
WHO progress assessment: integration, innovation and community leadership key to ending HIV, hepatitis, STIs
On 27 July 2026 the WHO published a progress assessment of its 2022 to 2030 strategies on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections.
FDA approves zidesamtinib for ROS1 lung cancer
The US FDA approved zidesamtinib (Jideytro) on 22 July 2026 for adults with previously treated ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
MHRA approves lower-carbon asthma inhalers
The MHRA approved new versions of two Clenil Modulite beclometasone inhalers for asthma that use a next-generation propellant with a lower carbon impact.
MHRA: domperidone and phaeochromocytoma
The MHRA says domperidone is now contraindicated in confirmed or suspected phaeochromocytoma because of a risk of severe hypertension.
NICE final draft guidance recommends finerenone for chronic heart failure
NICE final draft guidance recommends finerenone for adults with chronic heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction.
New WHO guidelines on reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia
On 15 July 2026 the WHO issued updated guidelines on reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia, linking up to 45% of risk to factors that can be changed.
FDA approves gedatolisib for breast cancer
The US FDA approved gedatolisib (Revtorpyk) on 14 July 2026 with fulvestrant, with or without palbociclib, for certain HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancers.
WHO calls for urgent action as global cancer cases are projected to nearly double by 2050
On 8 July 2026 the WHO published its Global status report on cancer 2026, projecting that new cancer cases will nearly double by 2050 without urgent action.
FDA approves Trutakna for IgA nephropathy
The US FDA granted accelerated approval to Trutakna (atacicept-vymj) on 7 July 2026 to reduce protein in the urine in adults with primary IgA nephropathy.
Government and NHS England publish a 10-year framework on heart disease and stroke
The government and NHS England have published a cardiovascular disease framework that aims to cut premature deaths from heart disease and stroke by a quarter within a decade.
NICE draft guidance proposes two non-invasive endometriosis tests for NHS primary care
NICE draft guidance proposes that two non-invasive tests for endometriosis could be used in NHS primary care while more evidence is gathered.
WHO/Europe statement: extreme heat, more deadly weeks may still lie ahead for the European Region
On 7 July 2026 the WHO's regional director for Europe said fewer than half of the European Region's member states have a national heat-health action plan.
MHRA approves Zynyz for Merkel cell cancer
The MHRA approved retifanlimab (Zynyz) on 6 July 2026 as the first treatment for adults with advanced Merkel cell skin cancer.
MHRA approves Wegovy for liver disease
The MHRA approved Wegovy (semaglutide) on 3 July 2026 for MASH, a form of liver disease, in adults with moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis.
FDA approves gene therapy for young children
The US FDA approved Casgevy on 1 July 2026 for children aged 2 and older with sickle cell disease, which it calls the first gene therapy for this age group.
NICE draft guideline on PMOS recommends a yearly check and quicker diagnosis
NICE has published a draft guideline on polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), formerly called PCOS, for public consultation.
June 2026
New blueprint to end postpartum haemorrhage, one of childbirth's deadliest complications
On 12 June 2026 the WHO publicised a Lancet Series on postpartum haemorrhage, severe bleeding after birth, and what it says can be done about it.
NHS England begins offering mirvetuximab soravtansine for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer
NHS England has begun offering mirvetuximab soravtansine to hundreds of women with ovarian cancer that has stopped responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.
May 2026
WHO urges governments to protect young people from tobacco and nicotine addiction
On 29 May 2026, ahead of World No Tobacco Day, the WHO urged governments to protect young people from tobacco and nicotine addiction.
World Health Assembly approves its first resolution on stroke
On 22 May 2026 delegates at the Seventy-ninth World Health Assembly approved the Assembly's first-ever resolution on stroke.