Symptom · Whole body
Swelling (oedema)
Also known as: oedema, edema, fluid retention, puffy ankles
Excess fluid in the tissues. Swelling of both ankles that pits when pressed usually means fluid retention from the heart, kidneys, liver or medications; swelling of one limb suggests a local problem such as a clot or infection; a swollen joint points to the joint itself.
What it is
Excess fluid in the tissues. Swelling of both ankles that pits when pressed usually means fluid retention from the heart, kidneys, liver or medications; swelling of one limb suggests a local problem such as a clot or infection; a swollen joint points to the joint itself.
Common causes
Prolonged standing, heat and pregnancyMild ankle swelling that clears overnight.
MedicationsCalcium-channel blockers (amlodipine), NSAIDs, steroids, some diabetes drugs.
Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veinsAching heavy legs with skin discolouration.
Heart failureAnkle swelling with breathlessness, especially lying flat.
Injury, sprain or insect biteLocal swelling with pain and warmth.
Less common causes
Deep vein thrombosisOne calf swollen, tender and warm; a clot can travel to the lungs.
CellulitisSpreading red, hot, painful swelling with fever.
Kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome)Puffy eyes in the morning, frothy urine, generalised swelling.
Liver cirrhosisSwollen abdomen (ascites) and legs with jaundice.
LymphoedemaFirm swelling after lymph node surgery or radiotherapy.
Angioedema and anaphylaxisSudden swelling of lips, tongue and face.
Often occurs with
Seek urgent care if
- Swelling of the face, lips or tongue, or with difficulty breathing
- A single swollen, painful, warm leg, particularly after travel, surgery or immobility
- Swelling with chest pain or sudden breathlessness
- Red, hot, spreading swelling with fever
Conditions to read about
How it is investigated
Educational content. This page explains what a symptom can mean so that the anatomy and the medical reasoning make sense. It cannot tell you what is causing yours: only a clinician who can examine you and order tests can do that.